Beijing’s War Against Air Pollution
Context
In 2015, Beijing’s air pollution levels were comparable to Delhi’s today. However, by 2017, Beijing had reduced its pollution by one-third.
Challenges Faced
Rapid urbanization and energy consumption growth (74% increase from 1998 to 2017) resulted in severe emissions, exacerbated by heavy coal dependency for residential heating.
Beijing’s Anti-Pollution Measures
Phased Approach
The program spanned three phases:
- 1998-2008: Laying the groundwork.
- 2009-2012: Implementing stricter regulations.
- 2013-2017: Intensified efforts, including regional collaboration with five adjoining provinces.
Key Actions Taken
- Transition to clean energy: Ultra-low emission renovations, alternatives to coal-fired power, and elimination of residential coal usage.
- Transportation overhaul: Retrofitting vehicles, scrapping heavily polluting ones via subsidies, and expanding public transport systems like buses and subways.
- Industrial regulations: Stricter controls, efficient washing facilities, and video monitoring of construction sites.
Financial Commitment
Beijing’s government increased investment sixfold over four years to support these measures.
Results Achieved
- Reduction in major pollutants (2013–2017):
- Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): 83%
- Nitrogen Oxide (NOx): 43%
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): 42%
- PM2.5: 59%
- Regional cooperation played a pivotal role in achieving these outcomes.
Lessons for Delhi
- Transportation:
- Develop a robust bus-metro integrated system with improved affordability and last-mile connectivity.
- Scrap old vehicles using subsidies and impose congestion or parking charges to discourage private transport.
- Create cycling and walking lanes.
- Energy:
Transition from coal-based power to renewable sources, incentivizing rooftop solar systems with electricity bill discounts. - Regional Collaboration:
Work with neighboring states to collectively address pollution, similar to Beijing’s cooperation with adjoining provinces. - Public Engagement:
Raise awareness among Delhi’s citizens to hold authorities accountable for better air quality. A shift in public mindset can build pressure on governments to act decisively.
Key Takeaways
- Beijing’s coordinated strategy, involving energy, transportation, and industrial reforms, demonstrates that significant air pollution reduction is achievable.
- Delhi’s challenges, though similar, require strong political will, regional cooperation, and substantial financial investments to replicate Beijing’s success.
- Current Reality:
The lack of collaboration between Delhi’s state and central governments has hindered meaningful action. Public and private measures are insufficient for addressing the root causes of the crisis.
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