Solar power in India
Context
Solar energy has democratised electricity generation and has empowered communities in enabling home-based power generation.
Relevance:
GS-02 (Government policies and interventions)
Background:
- The first rooftop photovoltaic array was installed in 1884, by Charles Fritts.
- Unlike other conventional sources like coal or nuclear energy, solar energy is accessible, environmentally friendly, and operates directly where it’s needed — in our homes.
Dimensions of the Article
- Solar power in India
- Significance of Decentralised Solar Power
- Challenges in Solar’s Growth and Accessibility
Solar power in India:
- India emerged as the third-largest Solar Power producer in 2023, surpassing Japan.
- It generated 113 billion units compared to Japan, which produced 110 BU.
- China still remains the global producer of solar power, generating 584 BU in 2024.
- In terms of installed power capacity of solar power, India stands at fifth.
- Global solar generation in 2023 was more than six times larger than in 2015, while in India it was 17 times higher.
Significance of Decentralised Solar Power
- Solar energy units can be installed anywhere on a small scale; this helps communities, especially marginalised groups, benefit tremendously.
- It provides energy independence, lowers reliance on traditional sources, and creates pathways for individual and community empowerment.
- It also uplifts women in rural and underserved areas, where energy access remains limited. For example, women salt farmers in Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch have shifted from diesel to solar pumps, raising their income by 94% and significantly lowering CO2 emissions.
- Initiatives like Barefoot College in India and Solar Sister in Africa train women as solar engineers, leading to improved health and economic outcomes for families and communities.
Challenges in Solar’s Growth and Accessibility
- Manufacturing Bottlenecks: Many solar companies operate in a few countries. This disrupts the supply chain, and hence the prices also increase.
- Installation costs: The initial cost of installation is very high for solar panels. Although the government provides subsidies, it is still difficult for common households and businesses to afford.
- Infrastructure: Very few places have adequate grid connectivity and the required infrastructure.
- Policy frameworks: Effective solar policies must be brought in that address key issues like waste management and encourage sustainable practices. The framework should also mandate recycling of the photovoltaic materials.
Way forward:
- Investment in infrastructure: India should focus on creating policies to encourage private sector involvement to develop solar energy in the country.
- Utilise other renewable energy: India so far has utilised only 15% of its Hydro potential as compared to countries like U.S. and Europe which has utilised more than 90%.
- Promoting Rooftop Solar: The government should educate the local households to instal rooftop solar panels to generate their own energy.
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