Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

Statement 1 — Incorrect

• A downward revision in nominal GDP does not necessarily mean that the economy contracted.
• A revision can reflect a change in the measurement or starting point, rather than an actual collapse in economic activity.

Statement 4 — Incorrect

• Rebasing is associated with measuring real GDP, but it can also alter nominal GDP through new data sources, wider coverage and improved methodology.

The argument is incorrect because GDP rebasing is not merely a mechanical substitution of one price reference year for another.
Rebasing can involve:

• new data sources,
• improved methodologies,
• wider economic coverage, and
• better measurement of economic activities.

Consequently, it can alter estimates of economic activity and nominal GDP, not merely the calculation of real growth.

This phenomenon is known as “Peak Water.” As glaciers begin to retreat rapidly, increased melting can temporarily raise river discharge because more meltwater enters the river.

However, as glacier mass continues to decline, the glacier has less ice available to melt. After reaching the peak water point, glacier meltwater contribution gradually decreases, even though the glacier continues to retreat.

The propositions form a logical progression:

• P → Q: A technology may have both legitimate and harmful applications (dual-use). Therefore, looking at a single user request may not be sufficient to determine whether the intended use is legitimate or harmful.
• Q → R: Since intent may be difficult to establish from an isolated request, patterns of interaction over time can provide additional context and become relevant for technological governance.
• S: Licensing, identified end-users, and end-use controls represent a broader access-control mechanism used in other domains. Such controls can complement examination of individual transactions or requests.

The strategy involves two complementary approaches:

1. Selection of naturally resilient corals — identifying coral genotypes that already show greater tolerance to elevated temperatures.
2. Coral gardening — propagating coral fragments in nurseries and subsequently transplanting them onto degraded reefs.

Thus, the programme enhances reef restoration by using naturally occurring heat-tolerant corals, but it does not eliminate the underlying threat of ocean warming. If marine heat stress becomes more frequent or prolonged, even resilient corals may face bleaching and mortality.