Modal Shift in Transport – Changing Dynamics of Transportation in India and the World

Context

Traditional transportation choices are driven by convenience, comfort, and cost. However, growing environmental concerns and climate commitments have led to a global push for a modal shift—from road and air transport to railways, for both freight and passenger movement.

Relevance

Important for achieving India’s climate goals and net-zero target by 2070
Helps build sustainable and low-carbon urban infrastructure
Supports efficient, economical, and eco-friendly freight and passenger movement

Environmental Impact of Different Modes of Transport

Emission Statistics:

The transport sector contributes around 25 percent of global energy-related carbon emissions.
Road transport is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases due to high usage of cars, buses, and trucks.

CO₂ Emissions per Passenger-Kilometre:

Cars: 148 grams
Airplanes: 123 grams
Buses: 63 grams
Trains: Only 19 grams

Freight Efficiency:

Railways are significantly more energy-efficient and less polluting than trucks.

Global Trends and Policy Measures

Declining Use of Railways (2007–2021):

Global rail freight share declined from 51 percent to 40 percent
Rail passenger share dropped from 12 percent to 8 percent
Main reason: Expansion of road transport, especially in countries like India and China

Environmental Impact if Trends Continue:

Likely 16 percent increase in GHG emissions in low-income countries
Modal shift to rail could prevent 1.8 billion tonnes of carbon emissions by 2050

International Best Practices:

European Union aims to shift 30 percent of road freight to rail or inland waterways by 2030, and over 50 percent by 2050
China is implementing policies to promote rail freight, resulting in reduced emissions and road congestion

India’s Transport Challenge and Opportunities

Current Scenario:

India has one of the largest railway networks in the world
Despite this, road transport is gaining preference due to improved infrastructure and last-mile connectivity

Government Initiatives:

The National Rail Plan (NRP) aims to increase the modal share of rail freight to 45 percent by 2030
Significant investments are being made in Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)
There is a need for a comprehensive strategy to promote passenger rail use as well

Urban Transport Models:

Delhi Metro (2021): Reduced 5 lakh vehicles from roads daily, cutting emissions by 23.82 grams of CO₂ per kilometre
Mumbai: The metro and monorail share is projected to rise from 2 percent to 36 percent, while motor vehicle usage is expected to decline from 35 percent to 24 percent

Climate Goals and Carbon Credit Opportunities

India’s Climate Commitments:

Transport sector accounts for 14 percent of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions
A modal shift from road to rail is essential to achieve India’s net-zero target by 2070

Carbon Credit Mechanism:

Modal shift can help generate carbon credits to fund green transport infrastructure
Requirements:
- Proof of additionality (i.e., emissions reduction would not occur without the intervention)
- No double-counting of emission savings

Energy Source Consideration:

For rail to be truly green, electrified trains must be powered by renewable energy, not coal-based electricity

Conclusion

A modal shift to rail is a critical step toward sustainable development. With the right investments, planning, and policy focus, India can balance economic growth with environmental responsibility. By leading in eco-friendly transport innovation, India can set a global precedent in sustainable mobility.