Common Biomarkers for Early Cancer Diagnosis

Context:

Recently, scientists have identified common metabolites across various cancer types. This discovery will aid in early cancer diagnosis and a more personalised treatment strategies for cancer patients.

India faces challenges in cancer detection due to late-stage diagnoses and limited access to advanced medical facilities. These biomarkers can enable early screening, especially in resource-limited settings.

Relevance:
GS-03 (Science and technology)

Key Highlights:

Universal Biomarkers Identified: Scientists from the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, have identified common metabolites across pancreatic, lung, and glioma cancers, indicating their potential as universal cancer biomarkers.
Non-Invasive Early Detection: The study highlights the role of exosomes—nano-sized messengers carrying tumour-derived metabolites—as a medium for early and precise cancer detection.
Advanced Analytical Techniques: The research utilised multiple advanced technologies, including LC-MS/MS, NMR, FTIR, electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of cancer metabolomics.
Insights into Tumour Microenvironment (TME): The findings shed light on how cancer alters metabolic pathways within the TME, paving the way for targeted therapies.
Clinical and Therapeutic Implications: The identification of these biomarkers can enhance cancer diagnostics, improve treatment efficacy, and contribute to precision medicine, reducing side effects and improving patient outcomes.
Integration into Public Health Policy: The government can integrate such diagnostic advancements into national cancer screening programs under initiatives like Ayushman Bharat.

What are exosomes?

Exosomes are tiny, nano-sized particles (vesicles) that are generally released by cells, including cancer cells.
They carry biological material like proteins, metabolites, and genetic information from their parent cells.

How They Help in Cancer Detection:

Cancer cells release exosomes with unique metabolic markers.
Scientists analyse these exosomes from blood, urine, or other body fluids.
By identifying specific metabolites, doctors can detect cancer early—without needing invasive biopsies.

Why This Matters:

Non-invasive: Since it is non-invasive, it eliminates the need for surgical procedures to diagnose cancer.
Early Detection: Helps catch aggressive cancers like pancreatic and glioma in earlier, more treatable stages.
Better Treatment: Understanding metabolic pathways can lead to targeted therapies, improving patient outcomes.

Conclusion:

The identification of universal cancer biomarkers represents a major step forward in oncology, offering a non-invasive, reliable method for early diagnosis and precision treatment. Leveraging such advancements within India’s healthcare framework can significantly enhance cancer management and improve survival rates.