Answer: (c) Only three

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Incorrect

The UAPA, enacted in 1967, was not originally an anti-terror law. It was introduced to curb unlawful activities threatening India's sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, particularly in the context of secessionist movements. Provisions relating to terrorism were incorporated only through the 2004 Amendment after the repeal of POTA.

Statement 2 – Correct

The 2008 Amendment broadened the definition of terrorist acts by inserting the phrase "by any other means" in Section 15, thereby expanding the scope of activities that could qualify as terrorist acts.

Statement 3 – Correct

The 2012 Amendment widened the definition of terrorism by including threats to economic security, covering financial, food, energy, livelihood and environmental security.

Statement 4 – Correct

The 2019 Amendment empowered the Central Government to designate both organisations and individuals as terrorists under the Act.

Answer: (a) 1, 3 and 4 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Correct

Medicines included in the NLEM come under price regulation by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order.

Statement 2 – Incorrect

High sales turnover alone is not a criterion for inclusion in the NLEM. Selection is based on multiple factors, including:

• Public health relevance
• Disease burden
• Efficacy
• Safety
• Cost-effectiveness
• Therapeutic advantage

Statement 3 – Correct

A Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) is included in the NLEM only when it offers a proven therapeutic advantage over individual medicines.

Statement 4 – Correct

A medicine may be removed from the NLEM if another medicine with better efficacy, improved safety profile and greater cost-effectiveness becomes available.

Answer: (c)

Explanation:

Option (a) – Incorrect

Although the Fast Track Special Courts (FTSC) Scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, the establishment and administration of the courts are the responsibility of State Governments in consultation with their respective High Courts.

Option (b) – Incorrect

The reasoning is incorrect because criminal law falls under the Concurrent List, and the issue here concerns the administration of courts rather than legislative competence.

Option (c) – Correct

This accurately reflects the institutional framework.

The FTSC Scheme:

• Is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
• Is funded through the Nirbhaya Fund.
• Is implemented by State Governments in consultation with the High Courts.
• Financial assistance follows the prescribed sharing pattern (generally 60:40, with special provisions for certain States and Union Territories).

Option (d) – Incorrect

The Union Government plays a significant financial role by providing assistance under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

Answer: (b)

Explanation:

Option (a) – Incorrect

Once open-weight AI models are publicly released, they can be freely copied and redistributed, making export controls significantly less effective.

Option (b) – Correct

This best captures the policy challenge.

Open-weight AI models:

• Promote innovation and accessibility.
• Reduce development costs.
• Encourage wider adoption.

However, they can also:

• Weaken export controls.
• Increase the risk of misuse.
• Create cybersecurity and national security concerns.
• Accelerate AI capability diffusion across countries.

Option (c) – Incorrect

Open-weight models are specifically designed to allow developers to download, modify, fine-tune and deploy them independently.

Option (d) – Incorrect

Frontier AI models present risks extending beyond commercial concerns, including cybersecurity, biosecurity, misinformation and national security threats.

Answer: (a) 1, 3 and 4 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 – Correct

The India–International Subsea Cable Express (I-2SEA) project will establish a direct submarine cable link connecting India's east coast with Singapore and Malaysia through dual landing stations at Machilipatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and South Chennai (Tamil Nadu).

Statement 2 – Incorrect

The roles of the two companies are reversed.

• NEC Corporation has been appointed as the system supplier.
• ASEAN Cableship has been appointed as the marine installation contractor.

Statement 3 – Correct

International submarine optical fibre cables carry nearly 99% of global international Internet traffic, making them the backbone of global digital communication.

Statement 4 – Correct

Optical fibre communication in submarine cables operates on the principle of total internal reflection, allowing light signals to travel over long distances with minimal loss.